She is 80 years old, the Memorial rights group she co-founded has been shut down, and some of her colleagues have fled Russia fearing arrest under President Vladimir Putin.
But Svetlana Gannushkina is determined to stay.
Gannushkina was attending a conference abroad when Moscow sent troops into Ukraine on February 24 last year.
While many fellow Russians opposing the war decided to leave their country, Gannushkina headed home to step up her decades of refugee work.
After returning to Moscow, she was detained briefly following an anti-war protest and she has faced mounting legal problems, but she is undeterred.
"What I can do by helping people, including from Ukraine, by being on the side of good and by doing something that can have at least some impact... that gives me the right to live," Gannushkina told AFP in a Washington suburb where she recently visited her family.
Memorial, whose human rights branch she helped set up in 1992, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2022 along with Ukrainian and Belarusian activists.
Some Memorial employees have left Russia after the government shut down the organization in 2021, while Gannushkina has been branded a foreign agent -- a classification seen as a tool to silence critics.
But Memorial's network continues operating.
- 'No forgiveness, no absolution' -
Weary and grief-stricken, they queue at the downtown Moscow office of the Civic Assistance Committee, a sister organization that Gannushkina heads.
They come for legal aid, money, clothes for their children and food, such as apples and buckwheat. And Gannushkina's office is cluttered with pillows, blankets and groceries.
The refugees, Gannushkina said, also come for psychological help and a sympathetic ear.
"The stories are horrible. A woman came whose mother and daughter were killed before her eyes. How can she go on living?" Gannushkina said about a woman who had fled the southern Ukrainian city of Mariupol after a brutal months-long siege by Russian forces.
"There can be no forgiveness, no absolution," Gannushkina said of Russia's war, which has left thousands dead and caused millions to leave their homes.
"This will stay in Russia's history, as a shameful page of Russian history, and nothing will be able to cross it out, nor should it."
Gannushkina called on the West to do more to support Ukraine, including cutting Russian energy imports, which help Moscow fund its military campaign.
She also complained that Western countries were not doing enough to resettle the vulnerable, such as LGBTQ individuals and women fleeing domestic violence.
She recalled being invited to Western embassies in Moscow to celebrate Memorial's Nobel prize, but her pleas to resettle a handful of families at risk went nowhere.
"Not once did someone call and say: we are ready to take one family. Why all the words then? Words of support remain just words."
- 'Fighting against a common evil' -
"Refugees started pouring in and I found my place. Otherwise, I didn't know how to cope with my life and what to do," Gannushkina said.
In 2006, a Russian far-right organization published a kill list with the names of leading liberal figures, which included Gannushkina. She was offered a bodyguard, but refused because she didn't want to be responsible for his death.
The recipient of a host of human rights awards and a repeated Nobel Peace Prize nominee, Gannushkina finally received the good news from Oslo in October when Memorial was awarded the prize -- together with Ukraine's Center for Civil Liberties and jailed Belarusian activist Ales Bialiatski.
But the award irked the government in Kyiv.
"The Nobel Committee clearly has an interesting interpretation of the word 'peace,' if the Nobel prize is awarded to representatives of two countries that attacked a third one," tweeted Ukrainian presidential adviser Mykhaylo Podolyak at the time.
Center for Civil Liberties head Oleksandra Matviichuk, who delivered her Nobel acceptance speech in Oslo in December, said she empathizes with Podolyak's view but disagrees.
"The prize was awarded to human rights activists who had been working together over decades, building horizontal ties, which perhaps were invisible to their own societies, in order to defend human dignity," Matviichuk told AFP in a phone interview.
"We have been fighting against a common evil which is again trying to dominate in our region."
Gannushkina is determined to keep working with her Ukrainian colleagues.
"I am grateful and I bow down before them because we didn't become toxic for them and at least from their perspective we do not represent Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, we are different people, we are his opponents," Gannushkina said of the Russian president.
"Unfortunately, though, we are weak opponents."
md/bgs
© Agence France-Presse
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