Silvio Berlusconi's career may have been dogged by scandal but he showed genuine innovation in building his real estate and media empires -- even if the late billionaire missed out on the digital revolution.
Before reaching high office, the flamboyant Italian tycoon shook up the television market with private channels filled with scantily-dressed young women, game shows and American TV series.
"Silvio Berlusconi invented commercial television in Europe, at the same time as the British, while the rest of the continent was still living under national public television monopolies," said Carlo Alberto Carnevale Maffe, associate professor of strategy and entrepreneurship at Milan's Bocconi School of Management.
He created a style that was "very popular, on the same model as English tabloids, bringing daily life onto the small screen", the expert told AFP.
In the 1970s, national private TV channels were banned in Italy but Berlusconi got round this rule by buying up local channels, on which he broadcast the same programmes simultaneously.
The result was the appearance of a national channel, "which allowed him to attract many more advertisers", explained Umberto Bertele, professor emeritus at Milan Polytechnic's School of Management.
This sleight of hand was only made possible thanks to serious political support, however, notably from the Italian Socialist Party and its leader Bettino Craxi, as well as the banks.
- Visionary urban planner -
Their support also smoothed the path of Berlusconi's real estate career, notably his large residential developments on the outskirts of Milan, northern Italy.
Berlusconi, who died Monday at age 86 just weeks after doctors revealed he had leukemia, started out as a cruise-ship entertainer and door-to-door salesman.
But it was the property industry that brought "Il Cavaliere" his first successes in the early 1960s.
The "Milano 2" project was one of the highlights, a 700,000-square-metre (173-acre) residential district built during the 1970s.
It broke new ground by including green spaces, routes not just for cars but also pedestrians and bikes, with essential services such as banks, shops and schools close to houses.
"He had great intuition, he made a smart city 50 years before everyone else," said Carnevale Maffe.
Berlusconi then launched into television, and from the 1980s onwards sought to go global with channels in France, Germany and Spain, but efforts to create a pan-European broadcaster floundered.
In 2021, his TV empire, Mediaset, was renamed MFE-MediaForEurope.
Berlusconi also invested in publishing, in 1990 buying Italy's main publisher of books and magazines, Mondadori, and in cinema with the production company Medusa. He invested in Mediolanum Bank and football, notably owning Milan AC for 31 years, before buying lower league club Monza.
They were all grouped together under the umbrella group Fininvest, which found itself on the verge of collapse in 1993 due to huge debts linked to another residential development, "Milano 3".
But it recovered -- after Berlusconi decided that year to go into politics.
- 'Incredible salesman' -
One of Berlusconi's greatest talents, according to Carnevale Maffe, was being "an incredible salesman".
He defied conventional wisdom by creating an advertising agency, Publitalia '80, with a linked television group, Mediaset.
"He was among the first in Europe to invent the concept of convergence between advertising and editorial content, creating programmes adapted for advertisers, not the other way around," Carnevale Maffe said.
From the beginning of his foray into television he had the innovative idea of telling entrepreneurs, "don't pay me now, pay me a percentage of the increase in your turnover", according to Bertele.
His business success made him the richest person in Italy in 2004, according to Forbes, and ranked 169th in the world, with a fortune estimated at $12 billion.
"His biggest flaw was failing to understand either digital or pay-TV like Sky and Netflix", which left him out of a major revolution in television, Carnevale Maffe said.
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© Agence France-Presse
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